Machine for testing the strength of materials



(No Model.) 4 Sheets-Sheet 1.

A. H. EMERY.

MACHINE FOR TESTING THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. No. 278,916. Patented June 5,1883.

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MACHINE FOR TESTING THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. N0. 278,916. Patented June 5,1883.

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Patented June 5,1883.

A H. E M E R Y 1 1330 Elm Lil (No Model.)

MACHINE FOR TESTING THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. No. 278,916.

(N0 Medel.) 4 Sheets-Sheet 4.

. A. H. EMERY. MACHINE FOR TESTING THE STRENGTE OF MATERIALS. No. 278,916. Patented June 5,1883.

UNIT D STATES PATEN OFFICE.

ALBERT. H. EMERY, OF XEXV YORK, N. Y., ASSIGNOR TO THE EMERY SCALE COMPANY, OF STAMFORD, GOX-NECTICUT.

MACHINE FOR TESTING THE STRENGTH OFMATERIALS.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 278,916, datedd'une 5, 1883,

Application riled February 5, 188i. (No model.)

1'0 all whom it may concern veloping reduced pressure on the liquid in the .Be it known that l, ALBERT H. EMERY, of larger chamber from its larger end, the smaller the city, county, and State of New York, have end beingincloscd in a packing and centering invented certain new and useful Improvements ring and resting on the flexible diaphragm of 5 5 in Machines for Testing the Strength of Masmallpressurechamber, which connects, either terials, and in. power accumulators and multiwith or without an intervening reducer, with pliers and pressure-pipe connections for hythe liquid the pressure of which is to be measdraulie machinery employed in connection ured. For use in connection with pressure therewith, of which the following is a specifipipes, and for other purposes, Ihave devised a 10 cation. novel mode of connecting or coupling pipes,

This invention. relates to a power-aecumuwhich consists,essentially,informingonemein lator by which power developed through a ber of the pipe with a convex end and the torcingpump or other prime mover may be other with a concave scat therefor and forcing stored for any necessary length of time and them together by any suitable form of clamp- 1 applied at the will of the operator. The de ing or compressing device, whereby the ce11- vice possesses the further advantage of applytral and most salient part of the convex pipe ing pressure uniformly without pulsation. The end will be tightlyseated in the concavity preaccumulator consists of a series of weights, one pared for it in the other member or section of or any required numberof the weights to store the pipe,ior1ning a joint which internal press- 20 the desired amount of power. Thepress by ore of liquid will tend to rendermore tight, as

which the weightsare raised and through which hereinafter explained. their power is subsequentlyusedisconstructed In. the accompanying drawings the invenwith two or more concentric cylinders. The tion is represented in fifteen views, numbered inner cylinder constitutes the rain of the outer 18,) to 200, inclusive, and 198, 198", and 198*. 7 5 5' cylinder, and is so used when low power is re- Figure 189 is a front view of a power-accuma quired. For higher power an inner ram is lator, consisting of a vertical series of weights used within the inner cylinder. The pressure and a guidingframe. Fig. 190 is a side eleis communicated from the accumulator to the vation. Fig. 191 is a vertical section on the holding or straining press of a testing-ina- 'line 191, Fig. 192. Fig. 192 is a plan. Figs.

o chine through pipes constructed with peculiar 193 and 191 are sectional elevations of flexible joints consisting ot'clamps and nutswith packed pipe-joints. Fig. 195 is a plan of the jointnipples to permit the articulation of thepipes shown in Fig. 194. Fig. 196 is an elevation and preventthe escape of liquid under heavy of the base thereof, illustrating a slight modipressure. To develop increased pressure when fication. Fig. 197 is a longitudinal section on 8 5* 5 required, amultiplier is introduced, consisting the line 1.97, Fig.-196. Fig. 198 is a sectional of two coupled cylinders of di t'terent areas with elevation, on a larger scale, of, a pressure-muleonnected pistons, the piston of larger area tiplier and a pr-essureaeducer connected with receiving liquid fromt-he accumulator andforcliquid-pipes and couplings and valves. The ing liquid out of the smaller cylinder with inline 198, Fig. 200, indicates the plane of sec- Q creased pressure. These coupled cylinders are tion. Fig; 198 is a vertical section of the con connected with a system of pipes and valves neeting-pipes in a plane at right angles to that enabling the direct application of the pressure in Fig. 198. Fig. 198" is a section of a por from the accumulator to the presses, or causing 'tion of the same, on a larger scale, illustrating itto be communicated through the multiplier myimproved pipe joint or coupling, andshow- .5 at the will of the operator. For the purpose ing the parts before they are tightened. Fig.

50 a pressure-'colunm receiving pressure on' its of the'samef of indicating the pressure in the pipes and 198 is a similar view, showingthe parts tightly presses, a suitable gage is'connected with aliqscrewed together. Fig. 199 is a front view of aid-pressure reducer, consisting of two pressa portion of a testing-machine to; which the are-chambers of unequal areas connected by invention may be applied. Fig.200 is a plan smaller end from the small chamber and de 1301 is a vertical frame-work to receive and guide a series of weights, 1302 1.303 13% 1305, mounted upon base-beams 1306, which are supported, when at rest, on the transverse beams 1307 of the stationary frame. I

1308 represents a standard resting on a hot low hydraulic ram, 1309.

1.310 represents a second hollow ram concentric with the first, and constituting the cylinder in which the said ram 1309 works.

1311 is the cylinder of the hollow ram 1310.

1312 is a jointed pipe conveying liquid to and from the inner ram, 1309.

1.31.3 is a liquid-pipe communicating with the outer cylinder, 1311.

1314 are keys passed transversely through apertures 1315, prepared therefor in the standard1308, and engaging beneath the base-beams 1300 of the weights, so as to raise any number of the said weights, determined by the number of keys which may be applied for the purpose.

Swiveled or jointed pipes are provided for conducting pressure-liquid from a hydraulic press or pmyer-accumulator to the holding or straining pressofa testing-machine, or any ob ject in which itis desired to apply the pressure, p

and which is required to be movable to a lim ited extent relatively to the source of pressure. A simple jointed coupling may be employed, such as is illustrated in Fig. 193,01 coupling illustrated in Figs. 194, 195, 196 is employed. This latter consists, in part, of an angular clamp, 13,16, secured to a base-plate, 1.317, by screws 1313. The base of the clamp is con structed with a nipple, 1.319, fitting within an elbow, 1320, a packing, 1321., being interposed and-tightly clamped by a flanged nut, 1322. The elbow 1320 is further formed with a centering-stud, 1323, (shown in dotted lines in Fig. 194,) and is forced down upon thenipple 1319 by the action of the two parts 1316 1317' of the clamp. The-elbow 1320 and the clamp base 131'? are each tapped for the reception of pipes 1312. The coupling-nozzle, of the clampbase 131? may be'horizontal, as shown in Fig. 1.94, or vertical, as shown in Figs. 196 and 197, as preferred.

1324 1325 in 19S represent two cylinders of unequal diameter, constructed with base-flanges, as shown, by which they are clamped together by means ofscrew-bolts 1326.

1327 represents a duplex piston adapted at its respective ends to fit the cylinders 132; and 1325, the piston-head being packed in any suitable manner.

The pipe 1328, Figs. 199 and 200, communicates, at the will of the operator, through a valve, (not shown, with the higlrpressure pipe 1312 or the lower pressure pipe 1313 of an accumulator, Figs. 189, 190, and 191, or wit-h a pump if no accumulator be used.- Said pipe 1328 enters the transverse pipes 1329 of the multiplier under the control of a cock, 1330.

1331 and 1332 are pipes communicating, respectively, with the large cylinder 132.4 and the small cylinder 1,325, and themselves connected by the transverse pipes 1329 under con trol of the valves 1333 1334,;the latter of which is shown in section in Fig. 198 to illustrate the construction of each. They will be seen to shut off the communication of the transverse pipes 1329 with the respective horizontal pipes 1331 1332, to which they are applied, without closing the said horizontal pipes themselves.

335 represents (rock closing the extremity of the pipe 1331 and permitting the discharge of water to a cistern when required.

The operation of this device is as follows: If it be desired to communicate pressure to the hydraulic straining or holding press from a pump or. accumulator without any increase beyond the pressure developed in the pipe 1312 or 1313, as the case may be, the valves in the cylinder 1325 from the pipe 1332 will force the piston 1327 up, expelling the water from the large cylinder 1321 into the cistern. l'f, now, it be desired to develop an increased pressure, the valves1335 and 1334 are closed and the valve 1233 opened. It will now be seen that the pressure cannot pass from the pipe 1323 to the pipe 1332, excepting through the multiplying cylinders 1324 1325. The pressure entering, the larger cylinder 1324c will force the piston down and develop pressure in the cylinder 1325 and contluctingqfipe 1332 with an increase (:orresponding to the greater area of the large cylinder 1324 as compared with the cylinder 1325. The pipes 1332 com municate with hydraulic presses in the stationary and moving holders 1355 1356, (shown in Figs. 1,99 and 200.) The pipe or branch communicating with the weighing-holder 1355 has not flexible joints. That communicating with the straining-holde r 1356 is provided with fiexi ble joints at 1358 1359 1360.

In order to gage the pressure in the pipe 1332, a pressure-reducer"is employed, consisting of a casing, which may be made in three parts, 1336 1337 1338, Fig. 198, tightly clamped together by screw-bolts 1339, and containing a liquid pressure base, 1340, flexible diaphragm 134.1, diaphragnrring 1342, pressure column 1343 13%, made in two parts, a centering and packing ring, 13-15, and annular diaphragm. The base 134.0 for the liquid-press ure chamber may be made separately, as here shown, or in one piece with the base 1336. The pressure-column may be made in one or in two pieces, as preferred. The centering and packing ring 1345 is made of rubber or other elastic material. It prevents contact of the column 1313 with the case 1337 or ring 1342, and permits the slight movement of the pressure-column without friction or sensible ber between the base 1340 and diaphragm 1341 communicates with the pressure-pipe 1332. The larger liquid-chamber above the column 1311 and annular diaphragm 1346 communi cates through a pipe, 1347, with agage, 1318,

'Figs. 199 and 200, so as to act upon the said gage with reduced pressure.

1319 1349, Figs. 1.99 and 200, represent dynamometers, the details in (.OIlStl'LlGtZlOll of which are described in other applications of even date herewith. Said dynamometers are employed to sustain the weight of the speci men 1353 under compression, so that the test applied in a horizontal direction, as shown, may be approximately equivalent to the strain of compression applied to the specimen in the vertical position in which it is to be used. An y necessary number of these dynamometers are applied at proper distances apart. They are provided with adjusting-screw stirrups or nuts 1350, suspemled by swiveled hooks 1351. from a beam or other support and working on screw-stems1352. Before the strain is applied the dynamometers are so adjusted as to sustain the weight of the intermediate portion of the specimen to which they are applied to prevent its deflection by its own gravity. The strain being then applied, the attendant watches the i ndications of the dymimometers, and so adjusts them by means of the suspensioirnuts1.350 to keep the indications the same as before the strain was applied, so that the lateral force resulting from gravity of the material may not be used either to augment or reduce the proper deflecting effect in either direction of the strain of compression to which the specimen is subjected undertest. It'the indicator of the dynamometer shows that the downward pressure of the part of the specimen to which it is applied increases under the strain of compression, the hanger of the dynamometcr must belengthened until the initial indication is restored, so that the dynamometer will not resist the proper deflection of the specimen under strain. If, on the other hand, the indication of the dynamometer shows a reduction in vertical strain, indicating an inclination of the specimen to bend upward under the strain of compression, the dynamometer must be raised until the initial indication is restored, so that the weight of material in the specimen may not be used to resist its proper deflection under the strain of compres sion.

The holding or straining screws 1202 may be made each in a single piece, as illustrated in Figs. 199 and 200, or in separate pieces spliced or coupled, as described in connection with" Figs. 166 and 167 in another application of 11211 to the strainiug-screws.

even date herewith. The stanchions or sta-' tionary frame-work 1201 may be constructed as here shown, or as represented in the other application referred to, or in anysuitable manner.

The holding-presses, strainingin'esses, and other essential parts and details of themachin ery not described specifically in this application are described. and some of them claimed in other applications of even date herewith.

The spec imen-holder beams may be connected by tie-rods 1354 between the strainingscrews 1202, as illustrated in the case of the weighing holder beams 1355, Figs. 199 and 200, or they may be extended, as illustrated in the case of the straining-holder beams 1356 in same figures, and connected by tie-rods 1357 extere The latter mode adapts the machine to receive a wider specimen.

The following parts maybe essentially similar to parts indicated by corresponding reference-figures in another application of even date herewith: the coupled beams 1201 1205 and the device for holding and adjusting the same, the straining beam or press and the va rious devices for moving the same either for adjustment orfor straining, also gages or weighing devices of any preferred kind connected with said straining-beam or with the weighbeams 1201 1205, as the case may be.

My improvement in pipe joints or couplings is shown in Figs. 198 and 19S, and more clearly, on a largerscale, in Figs. 198" and 198. 1332" represents a concave seat, which 1' prefer to make in conical form but it may be of hollow, spheroidal, or any other concave form. This concaveseat is formed by boring in the end of one part or member of the desired pipejoint. The other member is formed with a convex end, 1331. It may be, next the bore, of frusto-conical shape, of a more acute angle than the conical seat 1332,which receives it,

so that when the parts are pressed together a tight j oint will be first formed next the bore of the pipe, the seal or tight closing together of the parts being extended outward from the bore in proportion to the pressure exerted in forcing them together: The. conical surface of the end merges into a spheroidal surface; or the entire convex or projecting end of the pipe may be of spheroidal or other shape, which will adapt it to first engage at its extremity with the concave seat 13.32 next the bore, described. The respective members of the joint or coupling may be formed with internal and external threads to adapt one to screw within the other, as shown at 1330, or

they may be connected and compressed together by a coupling-sleeve, 1332", flanged to confine one member of the joint, 011 which it turns, and threaded to receive the other member, on which it is screwed in the well-known manner represented in the drawings. My improved joint forms a tight seal around the bore of the pipe adapted to resist without lea-la ing as great a pressure as the pipes it is'employed to connect. It dispenses with the need of washers or gaskets, and affords security which is not attainable with any form of coupling in which'it is attempted to produce a tight. joint in the threads of the screw. It is free fromsliability to leak under excessive pressure, for the reason that the pressure developed within the pipe has a tendency to expand the extremity 133 of the pipe, where the walls are thinnest, more than the concave seat 1332, where the whole thickness of the walls of the pipe resists such expansion. By screwing the parts of the coupling together with the necessary force, the metal is compressed, 'ausing the tight joint between the pipe end 1334 and the concave seat 1332 to extend radially outward from the bore of the pipe to any required distance, and the greater the pressure within the pipe the further will be the radial extension of such tight joint. This joint having no packing, but being formed by the contact of met-a1 surfaces, can be broken and remade as often as necessary without ditticulty and without be coming impaired.

The following is here claimed as new:

1. An accumulator consisting of a hydraulic press and a number of weights so combined therewith that any desired number of the said weights may be connected with the p ress-ram, so as to be raised thereby at the will of the operator.

In a pressureaccumulator, the combination of a press-ram or piston, one or more weights, and a key or keys, enabling the separate coupling of said weight or weights to the piston, as and for the purposes set forth.

3. The combination of one or more weights, at piston-rod passing through the same, and a. key or keys for connecting said piston-rod with the weight or weights for lifting the same, sub stantially as set forth.

r. The combination of a series of weights,

a ram for lifting the same, and a rod separable from the ram, passing up through the weights, for lifting any or all of them by the action-of the ram, substantiallyas described.

5. The combination of a series of weights, one or more rams for lifting them, and a frame tor-supporting the weights when at rest and guiding them when in motion or being lifted, as set forth.

(3. An accumulator constructed with two or more rams, arranged for optional use in connection with the same weight or series of weights.

7. An accumulator constructed with two or elbow, 1320, nut 1322, packing 1321, clampstock 1316, c1amp-arm'13l7, and nipple 1319, with suitable connections, to operate substan tially as set forth.

9. In combination with a holder or strainingpress of a testing-machine, .thc hinged .jointed pipe 1332, connecting said holder or straining-press with an accumulator or other source of pressure. 4 10. In combination with the pump or accumulator, and with the hydraulic holding or straining press or presses of a testing-machine,

the coupled cylinders 132i 1325, of different areas, with connected pistons acted upon by the liquidfrom the pump or accumulator, and forcing liquid under increased pressure to the press or presses.

11. The conducting pipes and valves, com- :bined with the differential cylinders and with a pump or accumulator and a hydraulic press or presses, substantially as herein set forth, to

permit the application of pressure from the pump or accumulator, either directly or through the multiplier, at will.

12. The combination of a pressure chamber or pipe, a gage, and a reducer interposed between them to cause the indication of the ap-' plied pressure by a reduced pressure on the gage.

13. A gage -pressure reducer constructed separately from the gage, and consisting of a base, 1336, annular case 1337, eap1338, pressure-eolumn 1343 1314.,and diapln'agms 1341 1-316, forming the two liquid-prcssure chanr bers, substantially as set forth.

11. The combination of the base 1336 1310, diaphragm 1311, rin 1342, centering and pack ing ring 1315, and pressure-column, substantially as set forth.

15. A pipe-joint consisting of two mem bers, one having a convex end or protuberance and the other a concave seat therefor, said members being screwed together, either directly or through the intervention of a coupling-piece, substantially as set forth.

16. The combination of the convex pipe end 1332 and concave seat 1331, havinga greater angle or greater radius of curvature, causing the parts to engage first next the bore of the pipe and thence radially outward as the parts are screwed or pressed together.

ALBERT H. EMER-Y.

IIO

'itnesses:

OCTAVIL'S Kxrcr-rr, WALTER ALLnx. 

